Counterfactual thinking.

Article Title: Measuring leadership styles in the organization with a approach of counterfactual thinking (Case study of Iranian Offshore Oil Company)

This research aims to determine leadership styles based on counterfactual thinking in relation to oneself and others. The research method was semi structure and the statistical population of the research were formed by the leaders of the Offshore Oil Company, among whom thirty-two people based on characteristics, managers The CEO was immediately elected. The research tools included eight leader...

Impoverished counterfactual thinking is associated with schizophrenia.

Counterfactual thoughts are mental representations of alternatives to past events. Recent research has shown counterfactual thinking to be a pervasive cognitive process in normal populations and has linked it to effective problem-solving and decision-making. The present research demonstrates that counterfactual thinking is impaired in schizophrenia patients relative to normal control subjects; ...

Effect of Counterfactual and Factual Thinking on Causal Judgments

The significance of counterfactual thinking in the causal judgment process has been emphasized for nearly two decades, yet no previous research has directly compared the relative effect of thinking counterfactually versus factually on causal judgment. Three experiments examined this comparison by manipulating the task frame used to focus participants’ thinking about a target event. Prior to mak...

“If only I could stop generating counterfactual thoughts”: When counterfactual thinking interferes with academic performance☆

Counterfactual thinking, 1 Running head: Self-handicapping and excusing counterfactuals Self-handicapping, excuse-making, and counterfactual thinking: Consequences for self-esteem and future motivation

Past research on counterfactual thinking has often found that upward counterfactual thoughts lead to increased motivation to improve in future, although at the cost of increased negative affect. The present studies suggest that because upward counterfactual thoughts indicate reasons for a poor performance, they can also serve as excuses. In this case, upward counterfactual thoughts should resul...

Optimists: It could have beenworse; Pessimists: It could have been better Dispositional optimism and pessimism and counterfactual thinking

a r t i c l e i n f o Optimism and pessimism are cognitive expectancies regarding future events, whereas counterfactual thinking is the cognitive process of imagining alternatives to events that occurred in the past. The purpose of this study was to conceptualize dispositional optimism and pessimism within the context of norm theory and examine relationships between dispositional optimism and p...